Immunology

Module 4, Version 4

References

Journal Articles

  • Antonelli LR, Mahnke Y, Hodge JN, et al. Elevated frequencies of highly activated CD4+ T cells in HIV+ patients developing immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Blood. 2010;116:3818-3827.
  • Arthos J, Cicala C, Martinelli E, et al. HIV-1 envelope protein binds to and signals through integrin alpha4beta7, the gut mucosal homing receptor for peripheral T cells. Nat Immunol. 2008;9:301-309.
  • Barber DL, Andrade BB, Sereti I, Sher A. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: the trouble with immunity when you had none. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10:150–156.
  • Berry NJ, Burns DM, Wannamethee G, et al. Seroepidemiologic studies on the acquisition of antibodies to cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus among general hospital patients and those attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. J Med Virol. 1988;24:385-393.
  • Bourgarit A, Carcelain G, Martinez V, et al. Explosion of tuberculin-specific Th1-responses induces immune restoration syndrome in tuberculosis and HIV co-infected patients. AIDS. 2006;20:F1-F7.
  • Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, Asher TE, Silvestri G, Rao S. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat Med. 2006;12:1365-1371.
  • Brenchley JM, Paiardini M, Knox KS, et al. Differential Th17 CD4+ T-cell depletion in pathogenic and nonpathogenic lentiviral infections. Blood. 2008;112:2826-2835.
  • Byakwaga H, Kelly M, Purcell DF, et al. Intensification of antiretroviral therapy with raltegravir or addition of hyperimmune bovine colostrum in HIV-infected patients with suboptimal CD4+ T-cell response: a randomized controlled trial. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:1532-1540.
  • Chan DC, Kim PS. HIV entry and its inhibition. Cell. 1998; 93:681-4.
  • Chen H, Li C, Huang J, et al. CD4+ T cells from elite controllers resist HIV-1 infection by selective upregulation of p21. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:1549-1560.
  • Cho S, Knox KS, Kohli LM, et al. Impaired cell surface expression of human CD1d by the formation of an HIV-1 Nef/CD1d complex. Virol. 2005;337:242-252.
  • Decrion AZ, Dichamp I, Varin A, Herbein G. HIV and inflammation. Curr HIV Res. 2005;3:243-259.
  • Deeks SG, Walker BD. Human immunodeficiency virus controllers: mechanisms of durable virus control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Immunity. 2007;27:406-416.
  • Deeks SG. HIV infection, inflammation, immunosenescence, and aging. Annu Rev Med. 2011;62:141-155.
  • Doisne JM, Urrutia A, Lacabaratz-Porret C, et al. CD8+ T cells specific for EBV, cytomegalovirus, and influenza virus are activated during primary HIV infection. J Immunol. 2004;173:2410-2418.
  • Douek DC, Picker LJ, Koup RA. T-cell dynamics in HIV-1 infection. Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:265-304.
  • Estes JD, Haase AT, Schacker TW. The role of collagen deposition in depleting CD4+ T cells and limiting reconstitution in HIV-1 and SIV infections through damage to the secondary lymphoid organ niche. Semin Immunol. 2008;20:181-186.
  • Favre D, Lederer S, Kanwar B, et al. Critical loss of the balance between Th17 and T regulatory cell populations in pathogenic SIV infection. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000295.
  • Fumaz CR, Gonzalez-Garcia M, Borras X. Psychological stress is associated with high levels of IL-6 in HIV-1 infected individuals on effective combined antiretroviral treatment. Brain Behav Immun. 2012;26:568-572.
  • Ganesan A, Crum-Cianflone N, Higgins J, et al. High-dose atorvastatin decreases cellular markers of immune activation without affecting HIV-1 RNA levels: results of a double-blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. J Infect Dis. 2011;203,756-764.
  • Giorgi JV, Hultin LE, McKeating JA, et al. Shorter survival in advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is more closely associated with T lymphocyte activation than with plasma virus burden or virus chemokine coreceptor usage. J Infect Dis. 1999;179:859-870.
  • Gori A, Rizzardini G, van't Land B, et al. Specific prebiotics modulate gut microbiota and immune activation in HAART-naïve HIV-infected adults: results of the "COPA" pilot randomized trial. Mucos Immunol. 2011;4:554-563.
  • Grossman Z, Meier-Schellersheim M, Sousa AE, Victorino RM, Paul WE. CD4+ T-cell depletion in HIV infection: are we closer to understanding the cause? Nat Med. 2002;8:319-323.
  • Guadalupe M, Reay E, Sankaran S, Prindiville T, Flamm J, McNeil A. Severe CD4+ T-cell depletion in gut lymphoid tissue during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and substantial delay in restoration following highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol. 2003;77:11708-11717.
  • Hage CA, Kohli LL, Cho S, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus gp120 downregulates CD1d cell surface expression. Immunol Lett. 2005;98:131-135.
  • Hakim J, Musiime V, Szubert AJ, et al. Enhanced prophylaxis plus antiretroviral therapy for advanced HIV infection in Africa. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:233-245.
  • Hamada H, de la Luz Garcia-Hernandez M, Reome JB, et al. Tc17, a unique subset of CD8 T cells that can protect against lethal influenza challenge. J Immunol. 2009;182:3469-3481.
  • Hansen SG, Sacha JB, Hughes CM, et al. Cytomegalovirus vectors violate CD8+ T-cell epitope recognition paradigms. Science. 2013;340:1237874.
  • Hansen SG, Piatak M Jr, Ventura AB, et al. Immune clearance of highly pathogenic SIV infection. Nature. 2013;502:100-104.
  • Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Abel K, Van Rompay KK, Kanwar B, McCune JM. SIV replication in the infected rhesus macaque is limited by the size of the preexisting TH17 cell compartment. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:136ra169.
  • Heise C, Miller CJ, Lackner A, Dandekar S. Primary acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection of intestinal lymphoid tissue is associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:1116-1120.
  • Hellerstein M, Hanley MB, Cesar D, et al. Directly measured kinetics of circulating T lymphocytes in normal and HIV-1-infected humans. Nat Med. 1999;5:83-89.
  • Hirao LA, Grishina I, Bourry O, et al. Early mucosal sensing of SIV infection by paneth cells induces IL-1beta production and initiates gut epithelial disruption. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1004311.
  • Hunt PW, Martin JN, Sinclair E, et al. Valganciclovir reduces T-cell activation in HIV-infected individuals with incomplete CD4+ T-cell recovery on antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2011;203,1474-1483.
  • Jones JL, Phuah CL, Cox AL, et al. IL-21 drives secondary autoimmunity in patients with multiple sclerosis, following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H). J Clin Invest. 2009;119:2052-2061.
  • Jurriaans S, Back NK, Wolthers KC. Ten years of HIV testing with fourth generation assays: the Amsterdam experience. J Clin Virol. 2011;52 (Suppl 1):S67-S69.
  • Kader M, Bixler S, Piatak M, Lifson J, Mattapallil JJ. Anti-retroviral therapy fails to restore the severe Th-17: Tc-17 imbalance observed in peripheral blood during simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Med Primatol. 2009;38 Suppl 1:32-38.
  • Kelley CF, Kitchen CM, Hunt PW, et al. Incomplete peripheral CD4(+) cell count restoration in HIV-infected patients receiving long-term antiretroviral treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:787-794.
  • King C, Ilic A, Koelsch K, Sarvetnick N. Homeostatic expansion of T cells during immune insufficiency generates autoimmunity. Cell. 2004;117:265-277.
  • Kityo C, Szubert AJ, Siika A, et al. Raltegravir-intensified initial antiretroviral therapy in advanced HIV disease in Africa: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2018 Dec; 15(2): e1002706.
  • Klatt NR, Harris LD, Vinton CL. Compromised gastrointestinal integrity in pigtail macaques is associated with increased microbial translocation, immune activation, and IL-17 production in the absence of SIV infection. Mucosal Immunol. 2010;3:387-398.
  • Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, et al. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e203.
  • Kwong PD, Wyatt R, Robinson J, et al. Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4+ receptor and a neutralizing human antibody. Nature 1998; 393:648-59.
  • Lang DJ, Kovacs AA, Zaia JA, et al. Seroepidemiologic studies of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections in relation to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in selected recipient populations. Transfusion Safety Study Group. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr. 1989;2:540-549.
  • Lawn SD, Myer L, Bekker LG, Wood R. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: incidence, risk factors, and impact in an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa. AIDS. 2007;21:335-341.
  • Lenardo MJ, Angleman SB, Bounkeua V, et al. Cytopathic killing of peripheral blood CD4(+) T lymphocytes by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 appears necrotic rather than apoptotic and does not require env. J Virol. 2002;76:5082-5093.
  • Lenkei R, Andersson B. High correlations of anti-CMV titers with lymphocyte activation status and CD57 antibody-binding capacity as estimated with three-color, quantitative flow cytometry in blood donors. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1995;77:131-138.
  • Levy Y, Lacabaratz C, Weiss L, et al. Enhanced T-cell recovery in HIV-1-infected adults through IL-7 treatment. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:997-1007.
  • Li D and Xu XN. NKT cells in HIV-1 infection. Cell Res. 2008;18,817-822.
  • Li J, Segal F, Bosch R, et al. ART reduces T cell activation and immune exhaustion markers in HIV controllers. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 May 25. pii: ciz442. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz442.
  • Link A, Vogt TK, Favre S, Britschgi MR, Acha-Orbea H, Hinz B, et al. Fibroblastic reticular cells in lymph nodes regulate the homeostasis of naïve T cells. Nat Immunol. 2007;8:1255-1265.
  • Martin MP, Qi Y, Gao X, et al. Innate partnership of HLA-B and KIR3DL1 subtypes against HIV-1. Nat Genet. 2007;39:733-740.
  • Mocroft A, Phillips AN, Gatell J, et al. Normalisation of CD4+ counts in patients with HIV-1 infection and maximum virological suppression who are taking combination antiretroviral therapy: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2007;370:407-413.
  • Muller M, Wandel S, Colebunders R, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:251-261.
  • Murray SM, Down CM, Boulware DR, et al. Reduction of immune activation with chloroquine therapy during chronic HIV infection. J Virol. 2010;84:12082-12086.
  • Naeger DM, Martin JN, Sinclair E, et al. Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells persist at very high levels during long-term antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease. PLoS One. 2010;5:e8886.
  • Napolitano LA, Schmidt D, Gotway MB, et al. Growth hormone enhances thymic function in HIV-1-infected adults. J Clin Inves. 2008;118:1085-1098.
  • Ndhlovu ZM, Kamya P, Mewalal N, et al. Magnitude and kinetics of CD8+ T-cell activation during hyperacute HIV infection impact viral set point. Immunity. 2015;43:591-604.
  • Neuhaus J, Jacobs DR Jr, Baker JV, et al. Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1788-1795.
  • Nigam P, Kwa S, Velu V, Amara RR. Loss of IL-17-producing CD8 T cells during late chronic stage of pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Immunol. 2010;186:745-753.
  • Nussenblatt RB, Lane HC. Human immunodeficiency virus disease: changing patterns of intraocular inflammation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:374-382.
  • O'Connell KA, Rabi SA, Siliciano RF, Blankson JN. CD4+ T cells from elite suppressors are more susceptible to HIV-1 but produce fewer virions than cells from chronic progressors. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2011;108:E689-E698.
  • Pakker NG, Notermans DW, de Boer RJ, et al. Biphasic kinetics of peripheral blood T cells after triple combination therapy in HIV-1 infection: a composite of redistribution and proliferation. Nat Med. 1998;4:208-214.
  • Papagno L, Spina CA, Marchant A, et al. Immune activation and CD8(+) T-cell differentiation towards senescence in HIV-1 infection. PLoS Biol. 2004;2:E20.
  • Parrinello CM, Sinclair E, Landay AL, et al. Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G antibody is associated with subclinical carotid artery disease among HIV-infected women. Infect Dis. 2012;205:1788-1796.
  • Pereyra F, Jia X, McLaren PJ, et al. The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA class I peptide presentation. Science. 2010;330:1551-1557.
  • Phillips AN, Neaton J, Lundgren JD. The role of HIV in serious diseases other than AIDS. AIDS. 2008;22:2409-2418.
  • Piconi S, Parisotto S, Rizzardini G, et al. Hydroxychloroquine drastically reduces immune activation in HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy-treated immunologic nonresponders. Blood. 2011;118:3263-3272.
  • Price P, Murdoch DM, Agarwal U, Lewin SR, Elliott JH, French MA. Immune restoration diseases reflect diverse immunopathological mechanisms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:651-663.
  • Raffatellu M, Santos RL, Verhoeven DE, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus-induced mucosal interleukin-17 deficiency promotes Salmonella dissemination from the gut. Nat Med. 2008;14:421-428.
  • Roederer M, Dubs JG, Anderson MT, Raju PA, Herzenberg LA. CD8 naïve T-cell counts decrease progressively in HIV-infected adults. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:2061-2066.
  • Saez-Cirion A, Hamimi C, Bergamaschi A, et al. Restriction of HIV-1 replication in macrophages and CD4+ T cells from HIV controllers. Blood. 2011;118:955-964.
  • Sandberg JK, Fast NM, Palacios EH, et al. Selective loss of innate CD4(+) V alpha 24 natural killer T cells in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol. 2002;76:7528-7534.
  • Scarlatti G, Tresoldi E, Bjorndal A, et al. In vivo evolution of HIV-1 co-receptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression. Nat Med. 1997; 3:1259-65.
  • Seddiki N, Sasson SC, Santner-Nanan B, et al. Proliferation of weakly suppressive regulatory CD4+ T cells is associated with over-active CD4+ T-cell responses in HIV-positive patients with mycobacterial immune restoration disease. Eur J Immunol. 2009;39:391-403.
  • Sips M, Sciaranghella G, Diefenbach T, et al. Altered distribution of mucosal NK cells during HIV infection. Mucos Immunol. 2012;5:30-40.
  • Srinivasula S, Lempicki RA, Adelsberger JW, et al. Differential effects of HIV viral load and CD4+ count on proliferation of naïve and memory CD4+ and CD8 T lymphocytes. Blood. 2011;118:262-270.
  • Stacey AR, Norris PJ, Qin L, et al. Induction of a striking systemic cytokine cascade prior to peak viremia in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, in contrast to more modest and delayed responses in acute hepatitis B and C virus infections. J Virol. 2009;83:3719-3733.
  • Sullivan ZA, Wong EB, Ndung’u T, et al. Latent and active tuberculosis infection increase immune activation in individuals coinfected with HIV. EBioMedicine. 2015. 2:334-340.
  • Surh CD, Sprent J. Homeostasis of naïve and memory T cells. Immunity. 2008;29:848-862.
  • Sylwester AW, Mitchell BL, Edgar JB, et al. Broadly targeted human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells dominate the memory compartments of exposed subjects. J Exp Med. 2005;202:673-685.
  • van der Vliet HJ, von Blomberg BM, Hazenberg MD, et al. Selective decrease in circulating V alpha 24+V beta 11+ NKT cells during HIV type 1 infection. J Immunol. 2002;168:1490-1495.
  • van Grevenynghe J, Procopio FA, He Z, et al. Transcription factor FOXO3a controls thepersistence of memory CD4(+) T cells during HIV infection. Nat Med. 2008;14:266-274.
  • Veazey RS, DeMaria M, Chalifoux LV, Shvetz DE, Pauley DR, Knight HL. Gastrointestinal tract as a major site of CD4+ T-cell depletion and viral replication in SIV infection. Science 1998;280:427-431.
  • Zhou J, Amran FS, Kramski M, et al. An NK Cell Population lacking FcR gamma is expanded in chronically infected HIV patients. J Immunol. 2015;194:4688-4697.

Government and NGO Reports

  • Rodriguez B. AIDS 347: IL-6 Blockade in Treated HIV Infection. In CinicalTrails.gov available at www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Conference Proceedings

  • Beck-Engeser G, Hunt PW. Valganciclovir reduces an immune activation pathway that strongly predicts morbidity and mortality in treated HIV infection. 20th International Workshop on Comorbidities and Adverse Drug Reactions in HIV. October 13-14, 2018. New York, NY. 

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The American Academy of HIV Medicine is a professional organization that supports the HIV practitioner and promotes accessible, quality care for all Americans living with HIV disease. Our membership of HIV practitioners and credentialed HIV Specialists™, HIV Experts™, and HIV Pharmacists™ provide direct care to the majority of HIV patients in the US.